Geography
Cropping Patterns and Major Crops
UPSC notes on India's cropping seasons, climate and soil needs of major crops, types of farming, nine-fold …
Earthquakes, Tsunamis and Volcanoes
Earthquake focus, magnitude and intensity, seismic belts, India's seismic zones, tsunami behaviour and …
Factors of Industrial Location
Why industries locate where they do, for UPSC — Weber's theory, factors for primary, secondary and tertiary …
Forest Types of India
Indian forest types for UPSC — rainfall ranges, regions and trees of evergreen, deciduous, thorn, montane and …
Geography — Sectional Mock Test 1
A timed Geography sectional test for UPSC Prelims — 25 questions in 30 minutes with UPSC negative marking and …
Himalayan and Peninsular River Systems
Indian rivers for UPSC — Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra systems, east- and west-flowing Peninsular rivers, …
Interior of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
Earth's layers, seismic waves and shadow zones, continental drift, sea-floor spreading, plate tectonics, plate …
Mechanism of the Indian Monsoon
How the Indian monsoon works for UPSC — differential heating, ITCZ, jet streams, El Niño and IOD, onset and …
Mineral Belts and Energy Resources of India
Distribution of India's minerals and energy for UPSC — mineral belts, ores, coal types, oil fields, nuclear …
Ocean Currents, Temperature and Salinity
Ocean temperature and salinity, what drives currents, warm and cold currents, gyres, upwelling, ENSO, the IOD …
Physiographic Divisions of India
The six physiographic divisions of India for UPSC — Himalayan ranges and duns, Bhabar to Khadar, Central …
Population Distribution and Settlements
India's population for UPSC — distribution and density, growth phases, Census 2011 composition, migration …
Pressure Belts, Winds and Jet Streams
Pressure belts, the Coriolis force, the three-cell circulation, planetary and local winds, and jet streams …
Soil Formation and the Soils of India
Soil formation factors and processes, the soil profile, India's eight major soil types with properties and …
Straits, Rivers, Mountains and Deserts
World mapping for UPSC — key straits and chokepoints, canals, major rivers, mountain ranges, highest peaks and …
Earth's Revolution and the Seasons
Why the Earth has seasons — axial tilt, revolution, solstices and equinoxes, day length and the overhead Sun — …
The Universe and the Earth
UPSC Geography notes on the Universe and the Earth — the solar system, the Earth's motions, latitude and …
Landforms and Agents of Erosion
Rocks, weathering and mass movement, and the landforms made by rivers, groundwater, glaciers, wind and waves — …
Latitude, Longitude and Time
Latitude, longitude, local and standard time, IST at 82°30′E, time zones and the International Date Line, with …
Major Biomes of the World
The world's major biomes — rainforest, savanna, desert, Mediterranean, grassland, taiga, tundra — with …
The Atmosphere and the Heat Budget
Composition and layers of the atmosphere, insolation, albedo, the Earth's heat budget, lapse rate and …
Tropical Cyclones
How tropical cyclones form, their structure, IMD categories, North Indian Ocean naming, why the Bay of Bengal …
Geomorphology
UPSC notes on geomorphology — the Earth's interior, continental drift and plate tectonics, rocks, weathering, …
Climatology
UPSC climatology notes — atmosphere and its layers, insolation and heat budget, pressure belts, planetary and …
Oceanography
UPSC notes on oceanography — ocean floor relief, temperature and salinity, waves and tides, ocean currents, El …
Biogeography and Soils
UPSC notes on biogeography and soils — soil formation, profiles and processes, the soils of India, soil …
Geophysical Phenomena
UPSC notes on geophysical phenomena — earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and tropical cyclones: causes, …
Physiography of India
Physiography of India for UPSC: the Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Indian Desert, Coastal …
Drainage System of India
India's drainage for UPSC: Himalayan and Peninsular river systems — Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, east- and …
Indian Climate and the Monsoon
Indian climate and monsoon for UPSC: monsoon mechanism, jet streams, El Niño and IOD, the four seasons, local …
Agricultural Geography — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on agricultural geography with explanations — tea, land-use classes, …
Biogeography and Soils — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on soils and biomes — alluvial, black, laterite and saline soils, soil …
Climatology — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on climatology — pressure belts, westerlies, Mediterranean climate, …
Drainage System of India — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Indian rivers with explanations — Indus Waters Treaty, Brahmaputra, …
Geomorphology — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on geomorphology — Earth's interior, discontinuities, plate …
Geophysical Phenomena — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on volcanoes, intrusive landforms, earthquakes, cyclones and the …
Human and Population Geography — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's population geography with explanations — settlements, …
Indian Climate and the Monsoon — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Indian monsoon with explanations — Indian Ocean Dipole, western …
Location of Industries — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on industrial location with explanations — Hugli jute belt, port-based …
Mineral and Energy Resources — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's minerals and energy with explanations — oil fields, MMDR …
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's natural vegetation with explanations — deciduous trees, …
Oceanography — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on oceanography — ocean-floor relief, tides, currents, UNCLOS maritime …
Physiography of India — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the physiography of India with full explanations — Himalayan …
The Universe and the Earth — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Universe and the Earth — solar system, eclipses, tropics, the …
World Regional Geography — Practice Questions
UPSC Prelims-pattern map practice questions — Caspian littoral states, river mouths, ordering of straits, …
Agricultural Geography — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of Indian agricultural geography: crop seasons, crop requirements, farming types, …
Biogeography and Soils — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of soils and biomes: soil-forming factors and processes, soil profile, India's eight …
Climatology — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC climatology revision: atmosphere, heat budget, inversion, pressure belts, winds, jet streams, …
Drainage System of India — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of Indian rivers: sources, confluences, tributaries by bank, Peninsular rivers, …
Geomorphology — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of geomorphology: Earth's layers, seismic waves, discontinuities, drift to plate …
Geophysical Phenomena — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and tropical cyclones, plus changing glaciers, …
Human and Population Geography — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of India's population geography: Census 2011 figures, growth phases, NFHS-5, migration, …
Indian Climate and the Monsoon — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of Indian climate: monsoon mechanism, IMD normal dates, ENSO and IOD, the four seasons, …
Location of Industries — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of industrial location: Weber's terms, location factors by industry, steel plants and …
Mineral and Energy Resources — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of India's minerals and energy: mineral belts, mine–mineral pairs, coal types, oil …
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of Indian natural vegetation: forest types with rainfall and trees, montane zones, …
Oceanography — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of oceanography: ocean-floor relief, temperature, salinity, tides, warm and cold …
Physiography of India — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of India's physiography: Himalayan ranges, plains zones and doabs, plateau ranges and …
The Universe and the Earth — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of the Universe and the Earth: solar system facts, Earth's shape and motions, latitude, …
World Regional Geography — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC world-mapping revision: straits, canals, rivers, mountains, peaks, deserts, lakes and seas with …
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Natural vegetation and wildlife of India for UPSC: forest types, rainfall ranges, characteristic trees, …
Agricultural Geography
Agricultural geography of India for UPSC: cropping seasons, climate and soil needs of major crops, farming …
Mineral and Energy Resources
Mineral and energy resources of India for UPSC: mineral belts, iron ore, bauxite, copper, mica, coal, …
Location of Industries
Location of industries for UPSC: Weber's theory, factors for primary, secondary and tertiary activities, major …
Human and Population Geography
Human and population geography of India for UPSC: distribution and density, growth phases, Census 2011 …
World Regional Geography and Mapping
UPSC notes on world mapping — straits and chokepoints, major rivers, mountain ranges, deserts, lakes and …