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Upsc

Major Constitutional Bodies: ECI, UPSC, Finance Commission, CAG and More Election Commission, UPSC, Finance Commission, CAG, Attorney General and the national commissions for SCs, STs … Constitutional Framework Making of the Indian Constitution — British-era Acts, the Constituent Assembly, the Preamble, salient features … 4 topics Ecology and Ecosystems Ecology and ecosystems for UPSC: ecosystem structure, productivity, food chains, ecological pyramids, … 3 topics Ethics and Human Interface Ethics and human interface for UPSC GS IV: essence, determinants and consequences of ethics, private vs public … 4 topics India and its Neighbourhood UPSC notes on India's relations with its neighbours — Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, … 4 topics Internal Security Challenges Internal security challenges for UPSC GS III: the four theatres, Left Wing Extremism, and the linkages between … 3 topics National Income and Growth National income for UPSC: GDP, GNP, NDP and NNP, factor cost vs market prices vs basic prices, GVA, real vs … 3 topics Prehistory and the Indus Valley Civilisation Stone Age, Chalcolithic and Harappan India for UPSC — tool cultures, key sites and rivers, town planning, … 4 topics Reading Comprehension CSAT reading comprehension for UPSC Prelims Paper II — question types, the elimination method for inference … 3 topics Salient Features of Indian Society Salient features and diversity of Indian society for UPSC GS I: caste, kinship, religion, language and tribe, … 3 topics Space Technology Space technology for UPSC — ISRO's launch vehicles, orbits, satellite systems, Moon, Mars and Sun missions, … 3 topics The Universe and the Earth UPSC Geography notes on the Universe and the Earth — the solar system, the Earth's motions, latitude and … 4 topics Attitude Attitude for UPSC GS IV: content, ABC structure, functions, link with thought and behaviour, moral and … 3 topics Biodiversity and Conservation Biodiversity for UPSC: levels and patterns, megadiversity and hotspots, IUCN Red List categories, threats, … 3 topics Biotechnology and Health Biotechnology for UPSC — recombinant DNA, GM crops and GEAC, CRISPR gene editing, vaccine platforms, stem … 3 topics Fundamental Rights UPSC notes on Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12–35) — the six rights, who can claim them, … 5 topics Geomorphology UPSC notes on geomorphology — the Earth's interior, continental drift and plate tectonics, rocks, weathering, … 4 topics Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability CSAT logical reasoning for UPSC Prelims Paper II — syllogisms, conditional logic, assumptions, seating … 4 topics Planning and NITI Aayog Economic planning in India for UPSC: pre-independence plans, the Planning Commission, the twelve Five-Year … 3 topics Regional and Global Groupings UPSC notes on groupings involving India — SAARC, BIMSTEC, ASEAN, SCO, BRICS, G20, Quad, IPEF and Indian Ocean … 3 topics Role of Women and Women's Organisations Role of women and women's organisations for UPSC GS I: status indicators, the women's movement, laws and … 3 topics Terrorism and Insurgency Terrorism and insurgency for UPSC GS III: external state and non-state actors, UAPA 1967, NIA Act 2008, AFSPA … 3 topics Vedic and Later Vedic Age Vedic India for UPSC — the Rigveda and later Vedic texts, Rigvedic rivers and tribes, polity, economy, … 3 topics Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service Aptitude and the foundational values of civil service for GS IV: integrity, impartiality, non-partisanship, … 3 topics Border Management Border management for UPSC GS III: India's land borders and coastline, border-guarding forces, coastal … 3 topics Climatology UPSC climatology notes — atmosphere and its layers, insolation and heat budget, pressure belts, planetary and … 4 topics Decision Making and Problem Solving CSAT decision making for UPSC Prelims Paper II — situational judgement with a priority ladder, rule-based … 3 topics Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Directive Principles (Articles 36–51) and Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) for UPSC: classification, … 3 topics India and the Major Powers UPSC notes on India's relations with the United States, Russia, Japan, France, the UK and the EU — strategic … 3 topics IT, Computers and Emerging Technologies Emerging technologies for UPSC — AI, quantum computing, semiconductors, 5G, blockchain, IoT and cloud, with … 3 topics Mahajanapadas, Buddhism, Jainism and the Mauryas Sixth century BCE to the Mauryas for UPSC — Mahajanapadas, rise of Magadha, Buddhism and Jainism, Mauryan … 4 topics Money and Banking Money and banking for UPSC: functions of money, M0 to M3, the money multiplier, the RBI, India's banking … 3 topics Population and Associated Issues Population and associated issues for UPSC GS I: Census 2011 and NFHS-5 data, demographic transition and … 3 topics Protected Areas and Wildlife Protected areas and wildlife law for UPSC: national parks, sanctuaries, conservation and community reserves, … 3 topics Amendment and the Basic Structure Article 368 and the basic structure doctrine for UPSC: three types of majority, the amendment procedure, … 3 topics Climate Change Climate change for UPSC: greenhouse effect and gases, IPCC findings, the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and Paris … 3 topics Cyber Security and Communication Networks Cyber security for UPSC GS III: cyber threats, the IT Act 2000, CERT-In, NCIIPC, I4C, data protection, and the … 3 topics Defence Technology Defence technology for UPSC — missile types, IGMDP, BrahMos, missile defence, hypersonics, the nuclear triad, … 3 topics Effect of Policies of Other Countries on India UPSC notes on how the policies and politics of developed and developing countries affect India — tariffs, … 3 topics Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence for UPSC GS IV: concepts, models of Salovey-Mayer and Goleman, and its uses in … 3 topics Interpersonal and Communication Skills CSAT interpersonal and communication skills — the communication process, barriers, active listening, … 3 topics Monetary Policy and Inflation Monetary policy and inflation for UPSC: the MPC and inflation targeting, CRR, SLR, repo, SDF, MSF and OMOs, … 3 topics Oceanography UPSC notes on oceanography — ocean floor relief, temperature and salinity, waves and tides, ocean currents, El … 3 topics Post-Mauryan and Gupta Age c. 200 BCE–550 CE for UPSC — Shungas, Satavahanas, Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Kushanas, the Sangam age, Gandhara and … 4 topics Poverty and Developmental Issues Poverty and developmental issues for UPSC GS I: poverty lines and committees, the Multidimensional Poverty … 3 topics Biogeography and Soils UPSC notes on biogeography and soils — soil formation, profiles and processes, the soils of India, soil … 4 topics Early Medieval India c. 600–1200 CE for UPSC — Harsha, the tripartite struggle, Rajput states, Arab and Turkish invasions, … 4 topics Environmental Pollution Environmental pollution for UPSC: air, water, soil, noise and plastic pollution — pollutants, standards, AQI, … 3 topics Fiscal Policy and the Budget Government budgeting for UPSC: fiscal policy, constitutional provisions, budget process, receipts and … 3 topics Money Laundering and Organised Crime Money laundering and organised crime for UPSC GS III: PMLA 2002, ED and FIU-IND, FATF and its lists, hawala, … 3 topics Moral Thinkers and Philosophers Moral thinkers for UPSC GS IV: Western philosophers from Socrates to Rawls and Indian thinkers from the Buddha … 4 topics Nuclear Technology and Energy Nuclear technology for UPSC — fission and fusion, reactor parts, India's three-stage programme, PFBR, SMRs, … 3 topics Number System CSAT number system for UPSC Prelims Paper II — divisibility rules, factors, HCF and LCM, remainders, unit … 3 topics The Indian Diaspora UPSC notes on the Indian diaspora — NRI, PIO and OCI categories, waves of migration from indenture to IT, … 3 topics The Union Executive Union Executive for UPSC — President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers and Attorney … 4 topics Urbanisation: Problems and Remedies Urbanisation in India for UPSC GS I: Census 2011 urban data, statutory and census towns, urban problems, the … 3 topics Environmental Laws and Institutions India's environmental law for UPSC: constitutional provisions, the Water, Air, Forest and Environment … 3 topics Geophysical Phenomena UPSC notes on geophysical phenomena — earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and tropical cyclones: causes, … 4 topics Globalisation and Indian Society Effects of globalisation on Indian society for UPSC GS I: culture, family, women, workers, farmers, tribals, … 3 topics International Institutions UPSC notes on international institutions — the UN and its organs, Security Council reform, IMF, World Bank, … 3 topics Nanotechnology and New Materials Nanotechnology and new materials for UPSC — nanoscale effects, graphene, nanotubes, quantum dots, smart … 3 topics Parliament Parliament for UPSC — Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, presiding officers, law-making, Money Bills, joint sittings, … 4 topics Percentages, Ratio and Averages CSAT notes on percentages, ratios and averages — the fraction table, successive change and timed practice for … 4 topics Public Service Values and Probity in Governance Public service values, ethics in public administration and probity in governance for GS IV — accountability, … 4 topics Security Forces and Agencies Security forces and agencies for UPSC GS III: armed forces and CDS, the seven CAPFs and their mandates, … 3 topics Taxation and GST Taxation for UPSC: direct and indirect taxes, the constitutional division of taxing powers, the 101st … 3 topics The Delhi Sultanate Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) for UPSC — dynasties, iqta and revenue, Alauddin's and Tughlaq reforms, … 4 topics Disaster Management Disaster management for UPSC GS III: India's hazard profile, the Disaster Management Act 2005, NDMA and NDRF, … 3 topics Ethics Case Studies How to solve GS IV ethics case studies: a repeatable framework of stakeholders, ethical issues, options and … 3 topics External Sector and Trade Balance of payments, current and capital accounts, exchange rate regimes, rupee depreciation, FDI vs FPI, FEMA … 3 topics Intellectual Property Rights IPR for UPSC — IP types and Indian laws, TRIPS and Doha, the Patents Act, Section 3(d), compulsory licensing, … 4 topics International Environmental Conventions International environmental conventions for UPSC: year, place and subject of Ramsar, CITES, CMS, Montreal, … 3 topics Physiography of India Physiography of India for UPSC: the Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Indian Desert, Coastal … 3 topics Social Empowerment Social empowerment for UPSC GS I: SCs, STs, OBCs, minorities, persons with disabilities, transgender persons … 3 topics State Government State government for UPSC — the Governor, Chief Minister and Council of Ministers, Advocate General, and the … 3 topics The Mughal Empire Mughal Empire for UPSC — rulers and battles, Sher Shah, mansabdari and revenue, Akbar's religious policy, … 4 topics Time, Speed and Work CSAT time, speed, distance and work for UPSC Prelims Paper II — average and relative speed, trains, boats and … 3 topics Agriculture and Food Security MSP and CACP, procurement and FCI, PDS and the National Food Security Act 2013, buffer stocks, farm subsidies, … 4 topics Bhakti and Sufi Movements Bhakti and Sufi movements for UPSC — Alvars and Nayanars, Acharyas, nirguna and saguna saints, regional … 3 topics Communalism, Regionalism and Secularism Communalism, regionalism and secularism for UPSC GS I: stages of communalism, Indian vs Western secularism, … 4 topics Data Interpretation CSAT data interpretation for UPSC Prelims Paper II — reading tables, bar and line graphs and pie charts, fast … 3 topics Drainage System of India India's drainage for UPSC: Himalayan and Peninsular river systems — Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, east- and … 3 topics Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental impact assessment for UPSC: the EIA Notification 2006, project categories, screening to … 3 topics Science in Everyday Life Everyday science for UPSC — light, sound, heat, electricity and household chemistry, plus nutrition, vitamins, … 4 topics The Judiciary The Indian judiciary for UPSC — Supreme Court and High Courts, appointment and the collegium, removal of … 3 topics Advent of the Europeans Advent of the Europeans for UPSC — Portuguese, Dutch, English, Danish and French companies, their settlements, … 3 topics Federalism and Centre-State Relations Indian federalism for UPSC: legislative, administrative and financial relations (Articles 245–293), GST … 3 topics Indian Climate and the Monsoon Indian climate and monsoon for UPSC: monsoon mechanism, jet streams, El Niño and IOD, the four seasons, local … 3 topics Industry and Infrastructure Industrial policy from 1948 to 1991 and after, MSMEs, IIP and core industries, infrastructure financing, PPP … 4 topics Advent of the Europeans — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Europeans in India with full explanations — company chronology, … Agricultural Geography — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on agricultural geography with explanations — tea, land-use classes, … Agriculture and Food Security — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on MSP crops, WTO boxes, FCI and procurement, PDS milestones and price … Amendment and the Basic Structure — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Article 368, types of majority, State ratification and basic … Aptitude and Civil Service Values — Practice Questions GS IV-pattern practice questions on aptitude and the foundational values of civil service with model … Attitude — Practice Questions GS IV-pattern practice questions on attitude with model answer frameworks — structure, functions, political … Bhakti and Sufi Movements — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Bhakti and Sufi movements with full explanations — saints and … Biodiversity and Conservation — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on biodiversity with explanations: Biological Diversity Act, ex-situ … Biogeography and Soils — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on soils and biomes — alluvial, black, laterite and saline soils, soil … Biotechnology and Health — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on biotechnology with full explanations — rDNA tools, Bt crops, stem … Border Management — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on border management with explanations — Integrated Check Posts, the Land … British Expansion and Administration — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on British expansion and administration with full explanations — … Capital Markets and Financial Inclusion — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on depository receipts, SEBI and commodity markets, MUDRA, small … Climate Change — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on climate change with explanations: NAPCC missions, COP outcomes, … Climatology — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on climatology — pressure belts, westerlies, Mediterranean climate, … Communalism, Regionalism and Secularism — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on communalism, regionalism and secularism: Articles 3 and 25–28, States … Comparison with Other Constitutions — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions comparing the Indian Constitution with the UK, USA and others, with … Constitutional Bodies — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on constitutional bodies with full explanations — Election Commission, … Constitutional Framework — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on British-era Acts, the Constituent Assembly, the Preamble and … Cyber Security — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on cyber security with explanations — IT Act sections, the Budapest … Data Interpretation — Practice Questions CSAT-pattern data interpretation practice on an illustrative recruitment-test table — pass rates, growth, … Decision Making — Practice Questions CSAT-pattern decision-making practice — situational judgement, rule-based eligibility and scheduling problems, … Defence Technology — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on defence technology with full explanations — Mission Shakti, … Delhi Sultanate — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Delhi Sultanate with full explanations — token currency, … Disaster Management — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on disaster management with explanations — CDRI, tsunami early warning, the … DPSP and Fundamental Duties — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties — Articles, amendments, … Drainage System of India — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Indian rivers with explanations — Indus Waters Treaty, Brahmaputra, … Early Medieval India — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on early medieval India with full explanations — Al-Biruni, … Early Nationalism — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on early nationalism with full explanations — INC founding, drain … Ecology and Ecosystems — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on ecology with full explanations: succession, edge effect, nutrient … Effect of Policies of Other Countries — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on foreign policies affecting India — GSP, Nitaqat, capital outflows, … Elections and the RPA — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on elections and the Representation of the People Acts with full … Emotional Intelligence — Practice Questions GS IV-pattern practice questions on emotional intelligence with model answer frameworks — models, leadership, … Environmental Impact Assessment — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on EIA with explanations: public hearings, Category A and B projects, … Environmental Laws and Institutions — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's environmental law with explanations: EP Act, Forest Rights … Environmental Pollution — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on pollution with explanations: photochemical smog, biomagnification, … Ethics and Human Interface — Practice Questions GS IV-pattern practice questions on ethics and human interface with model answer frameworks — determinants, … Ethics Case Studies — Practice Questions Three GS IV-pattern case studies with full model answers — flood relief under political pressure, mining and … External Sector — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the external sector with explanations — FEMA, forex reserves, the … Federalism and Centre-State Relations — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Centre-State relations with full explanations — residuary powers, … Fiscal Policy and the Budget — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on government budgeting with full explanations: charged expenditure, … Geomorphology — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on geomorphology — Earth's interior, discontinuities, plate … Geophysical Phenomena — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on volcanoes, intrusive landforms, earthquakes, cyclones and the … Globalisation and Indian Society — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on globalisation and Indian society: concepts, thinkers, the gig economy, … Governance and Transparency — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on governance and transparency with full explanations — Information … Human and Population Geography — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's population geography with explanations — settlements, … Inclusive Growth and Employment — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on inclusive growth, inequality measures, poverty estimates, the … India and its Neighbourhood — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's neighbourhood with full explanations — border states, Land … India and the Major Powers — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's ties with the US, Russia, Japan and France — 123 Agreement, … Indian Art and Architecture — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Indian art and architecture with full explanations — folk … Indian Climate and the Monsoon — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Indian monsoon with explanations — Indian Ocean Dipole, western … Industry and Infrastructure — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on IPR 1956, PPP models, the Kelkar Committee, MSME classification and … Intellectual Property Rights — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on IPR with explanations — Section 3 exclusions, Doha Declaration, … Internal Security Challenges — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on internal security challenges and Left Wing Extremism, with explanations — … International Environmental Conventions — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on environmental conventions with explanations: CITES, Nagoya … International Institutions — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on international institutions — UN organs, ICJ, Geneva agencies, … Interpersonal Skills — Practice Questions CSAT-pattern practice on interpersonal and communication skills — workplace scenarios, active listening, … IT and Emerging Technologies — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on emerging technologies with full explanations — blockchain, quantum … Judiciary — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Supreme Court and High Courts — tenure, special leave, removal … Local Government — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Panchayati Raj and municipalities with full explanations — … Location of Industries — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on industrial location with explanations — Hugli jute belt, port-based … Logical Reasoning — Practice Questions CSAT-pattern logical reasoning practice — syllogism, seating arrangement, blood relation, letter series, … Mahajanapadas and the Mauryas — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Mahajanapadas, Buddhism, Jainism and the Mauryas with full … Mineral and Energy Resources — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's minerals and energy with explanations — oil fields, MMDR … Monetary Policy and Inflation — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on monetary policy and inflation with full explanations: the policy … Money and Banking — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on money and banking with full explanations: the RBI, money supply, … Money Laundering and Organised Crime — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on money laundering and organised crime with explanations — PMLA provisions, … Moral Thinkers — Practice Questions GS IV-pattern practice questions on Western and Indian moral thinkers with model answer frameworks, and a case … Nanotechnology and New Materials — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on nanotechnology with explanations — nanoscale, Nitinol, … National Income — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on national income with full explanations: GDP vs GNP, real vs … Natural Vegetation and Wildlife — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on India's natural vegetation with explanations — deciduous trees, … Nuclear Technology and Energy — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on nuclear technology with explanations — fission and fusion, thorium, … Number System — Practice Questions CSAT-pattern number system practice — divisibility by 11, HCF–LCM pairs, power remainders, traffic-light LCM, … Oceanography — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on oceanography — ocean-floor relief, tides, currents, UNCLOS maritime … Parliament — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Parliament — the Speaker, Rajya Sabha powers, quorum, charged … Percentages, Ratio and Averages — Practice Questions CSAT-pattern practice on percentages, ratio and averages — base change, successive change, combined ratios, … Performing Arts, Literature and Philosophy — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Indian performing arts, literature and philosophy — UNESCO … Physiography of India — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the physiography of India with full explanations — Himalayan … Planning and NITI Aayog — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on planning in India with full explanations: Five-Year Plans, plan … Population and Associated Issues — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on population: Census 2011 and NFHS-5 data, demographic concepts, National … Post-Independence Consolidation — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on post-1947 consolidation with full explanations — princely states, … Post-Mauryan and Gupta Age — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the post-Mauryan, Sangam and Gupta periods with full explanations — … Poverty and Developmental Issues — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on poverty: estimation committees, MGNREGA, the National Food Security Act, … Prehistory and the Indus Valley — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Stone Age, Chalcolithic and Harappan India with full explanations — … Protected Areas and Wildlife — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on protected areas with explanations: NTCA and tiger reserves, IUCN … Public Service Values and Probity — Practice Questions GS IV-pattern practice questions on ethics in public administration and probity with model frameworks — RTI, … Reading Comprehension — Practice Questions CSAT-pattern reading comprehension practice with original passages — central theme, inference, assumption, … Regional and Global Groupings — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on groupings involving India — G20, SCO, BRICS, IONS and secretariats … Role of Women — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on women in Indian society: women's organisations, laws, constitutional … Salient Features of Indian Society — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on the salient features of Indian society: Census 2011 data, minorities, … Science in Everyday Life — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on everyday science with full explanations — scattering, eye defects, … Security Forces and Agencies — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on security forces and agencies with explanations — CAPF mandates, raising … Social Empowerment — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on social empowerment: PESA, transgender rights, disability law, … Social Justice and Welfare — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on social justice and welfare with full explanations — protective … Socio-Religious Reform Movements — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on socio-religious reform movements with full explanations — … Space Technology — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on space technology with full explanations — launch vehicles, orbits, … State Government — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Governor, assent to State Bills, State ministers, the Advocate … Statutory and Regulatory Bodies — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on statutory, regulatory and quasi-judicial bodies with full … Taxation and GST — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on taxation and GST with full explanations: the 101st Amendment, tax … Terrorism and Insurgency — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on terrorism and insurgency with explanations — counter-terror law chronology, … The Gandhian Era — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Gandhian era with full explanations — early satyagrahas, … The Indian Diaspora — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Indian diaspora — OCI provisions, PIO merger, Aapravasi Ghat, … The Mughal Empire — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Mughals with full explanations — Panipat, Sher Shah, land … The Revolt of 1857 — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Revolt of 1857 with full explanations — causes, leaders, … The Union Executive — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the President, Vice-President, ordinances, pardoning power and … The Universe and the Earth — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Universe and the Earth — solar system, eclipses, tropics, the … Time, Speed and Work — Practice Questions CSAT-pattern practice on time, speed and work — meeting trains, combined work, pipes with a leak, late-arrival … Towards Independence and Partition — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on 1935–1947 with full explanations — Cabinet Mission, Quit India, INA … Urbanisation — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on urbanisation: Census 2011 urban data, the 74th Amendment, urban missions … Vedic and Later Vedic Age — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on the Vedic age with full explanations — Vedic texts, Vedangas, … World History — Practice Questions UPSC-pattern practice questions on world history with full explanations — peace treaties, revolutions, … World Regional Geography — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern map practice questions — Caspian littoral states, river mouths, ordering of straits, … Fundamental Rights — Practice Questions UPSC Prelims-pattern practice questions on Fundamental Rights with full explanations — citizens-only rights, … British Expansion and Administration British expansion and administration for UPSC — Plassey to Punjab, subsidiary alliance, doctrine of lapse, … 4 topics Inclusive Growth and Employment Inclusive growth, inequality (Gini, Lorenz, Kuznets), poverty estimation and the MPI, types and measurement of … 3 topics Local Government Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies for UPSC: 73rd and 74th Amendments, Parts IX and IXA, PESA 1996, State … 3 topics Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Natural vegetation and wildlife of India for UPSC: forest types, rainfall ranges, characteristic trees, … 3 topics Agricultural Geography Agricultural geography of India for UPSC: cropping seasons, climate and soil needs of major crops, farming … 3 topics Capital Markets and Financial Inclusion Money vs capital markets, SEBI, stock exchanges, IPOs, depository receipts, masala and green bonds, plus … 4 topics Elections and the Representation of People Act Elections for UPSC: Articles 324–329, RPA 1950 and RPA 1951, disqualifications, corrupt practices, election … 3 topics The Revolt of 1857 The Revolt of 1857 for UPSC — causes, the greased-cartridge spark, centres and leaders, British commanders, … 3 topics Constitutional Bodies Constitutional bodies for UPSC: Election Commission, UPSC and SPSCs, Finance Commission, CAG, Attorney … 3 topics Mineral and Energy Resources Mineral and energy resources of India for UPSC: mineral belts, iron ore, bauxite, copper, mica, coal, … 3 topics Socio-Religious Reform Movements 19th- and 20th-century socio-religious reform movements for UPSC — Brahmo, Prarthana and Arya Samaj, … 4 topics Early Nationalism: Moderates and Extremists Early nationalism for UPSC — pre-Congress associations, founding of the INC, Moderates and drain theory, … 4 topics Location of Industries Location of industries for UPSC: Weber's theory, factors for primary, secondary and tertiary activities, major … 3 topics Statutory, Regulatory and Quasi-Judicial Bodies Statutory, regulatory and quasi-judicial bodies for UPSC: NHRC, CVC, CBI, Lokpal, national commissions, sector … 3 topics Governance, Transparency and Accountability Governance for UPSC: RTI Act 2005, Information Commissions, citizens' charters, Sevottam, social audit, … 3 topics Human and Population Geography Human and population geography of India for UPSC: distribution and density, growth phases, Census 2011 … 3 topics The Gandhian Era Gandhian phase of the freedom struggle (1915–1934) for UPSC — Champaran to Poona Pact, Non-Cooperation, Civil … 3 topics Social Justice and Welfare Schemes Social justice for UPSC: constitutional safeguards and laws for SCs, STs, women, children, disabled and … 3 topics Towards Independence and Partition Freedom struggle 1935–1947 for UPSC — Government of India Act 1935, Cripps, Quit India, INA, Cabinet Mission, … 3 topics World Regional Geography and Mapping UPSC notes on world mapping — straits and chokepoints, major rivers, mountain ranges, deserts, lakes and … 3 topics Comparison with Other Constitutions Comparative constitutions for UPSC: sources of the Indian Constitution, and India compared with the UK, the … 3 topics Post-Independence Consolidation Consolidation of India after 1947 for UPSC — integration of princely states, linguistic reorganisation of … 3 topics Indian Art and Architecture Indian art and architecture for UPSC — temple styles (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara), rock-cut caves, sculpture … 4 topics Performing Arts, Literature and Philosophy Indian performing arts, literature and philosophy for UPSC — classical dances, Hindustani and Carnatic music, … 4 topics World History World history from the 18th century for UPSC Mains GS I — revolutions, industrialisation, ideologies, world … 4 topics